Changed Guidelines and the Jill Dando Case Free Essay Example, 8750 words

This research tells that George Barry s case was based on the discovery of a tiny speck, only visible under a microscope that connected him to the crime scene. According to the forensic science expert dealing with the case, the firearm discharge residue particle found in George s coat was consistent with the one found on Dando s head and so that qualified George as one of the potential suspects in the case. This evidence was considered enough by the jury and hence led to the conviction of George. This put the role and use of expert evidence under fire with criticism arising from the reliability of such minute evidence as it was adopted and led to George s life imprisonment. This formed the basis of the appeal against the decision and when the evidence was shelved, George s case was dismissed and he was acquitted. Let us look deeply at the admissibility of such evidence in a court of law and whether it should be used in the determination of a given case without the aid of other forms of evidence. Support evidence is always important in such cases. We will write a custom essay sample on Changed Guidelines and the Jill Dando Case or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Firearm discharge residue is made up of bits of propellant that shots the bullet. It is also composed of particles of the primer. Propellant particles are totally different from the primer in that the primer has some metals in its composition that distinguish it from the propellant. Upon microscopic analyses, the speck found in George s coat was found to be a primer residue.

Theme Of Oppression In Jane Eyre - 1088 Words

Nineteenth century England was rooted deeply in both social, and class division as a means of maintaining a certain degree of order within their society. In the early nineteenth century, England was undergoing rapid change as the industrial revolution began to sweep through the country. With this rapid change brought on further gender, and social class divisions centered upon education, employment, and marriage. Both women, and the lower class were heavily oppressed during the time period, as they were deemed inferior to the more wealthy, upper class members of society. In the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, all of the aforesaid motifs of oppression are discussed in full, as the story portrayed in the novel holistically relies on†¦show more content†¦The inferiority complex that was instilled within the young, lower class during this time period caused them to resist change, and remain complacent in a constant state of oppression. Nearly the entirety of Western society subjected itself into being organized by a social hierarchy, and the notion of a mere glimpse of equality was quickly expelled at a youthful age. This state of complacency served as a source of ignition for both Jane, and Bronte as they would both fight preconceived notions of social division later in their lives. Not only were citizens of the lower class obligated to embrace their inferiority to the upper class, but in the case of Jane, their lives as a member of the impoverished community were depicted in a harrowing light. At an immature stage of their life children â€Å"have not much idea of industrious, working, respectable poverty†, but rather connect the life of lower class citizens with â€Å"ragged clothes, scanty food, fireless grates, rude manner, and debasing vices† (Bronte, 29-30). The bleak description of life in the lower class not only depicts the debilitating nature it may have on poorer member of society, but also the polarity of wealth distribution within Victorian England. A person within the social hierarchy could only travel as far as their wealth, or title, could carry them, and with a poor woman like Jane that possessed neither, their futures seemed eerily grim. Bronte was faced with similar hardships as she sought to escapeShow MoreRelatedFunhouse Mirrors: Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pages396 March 23, 2011 Funhouse Mirrors: Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason â€Å"Jane Eyre† is a book centred around female duality. In a time when females were still expected to fulfill their â€Å"womanly duties,† Charlotte Bronte wrote a novel dealing with a woman’s view on morality sexuality, passion sensibility, and conformity insanity, among other themes. This motif of duality plays a strong part in the dynamism that makes up the book, and is not limited to the themes, but is also used to relate many ofRead MoreGender Inequality And Oppression By Jane Eyre894 Words   |  4 PagesJane Eyre: Gender Inequality and Oppression The novel, Jane Eyre creates an atmosphere of suspense by utilizing elements such as supernatural encounters, mysteries, secrets, violence towards women and etc. The setting in Jane Eyre can be seen to place the novel in the gothic tradition, which serves primarily to support the theme of gender inequality and oppression through the rise of a poor girl against overwhelming odds. The novel opens at Gateshead, at the home of the wealthy Reed family whereRead MoreWomen s Rights By Jane Eyre1351 Words   |  6 Pagesbegin to see literature as a form of expression against oppression when Marie Gouze, a self educated female in France,is inspired by The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and writes The Declaration of the Rights of Women.This lays down the forefront for women’s rights and influences people to express themselves in literature and to give females a voice. Charlotte Bronte writes Jane Eyre in 1847 which depicts the life of Jane Eyre who had a rough childhood and is able to get herself a jobRead MoreThe Social Hierarchy Of Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1262 Words   |  6 PagesIn Charlotte Bronte’s novel, Jane Eyre, Bronte seemingly condemns the existing social hierarchy. Not only are the characters who are most concerned with the allure of fortune and rank portrayed as either deceitful or unethical, but even characters whoâ₠¬â„¢ve accepted their means of poverty and demonstrate honest moral natures are mocked. Rather than use the normal class structures, the book suggests that a person of impoverished means can be viewed as socially respectable with the condition that theyRead More The Oppressed Female in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre886 Words   |  4 PagesThe Oppressed Female in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « clearly demonstrates the relationship between sexuality and morality in Victorian society through the character of Bertha Mason, the daughter of a West Indian planter and Rochesters first wife. Rochester recklessly married Bertha in his youth, and when it was discovered shortly after the marriage that Bertha was sexually promiscuous, Rochester locked her away. Bertha is called a maniac and isRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1552 Words   |  7 PagesBrontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre deals with a young orphan girl who lives a very repugnant life; the transition from her childhood to adulthood makes the reader effectively understand the character’s struggles and accomplishments. When reading this novel, a reader’s imagination can travel back to the Victorian age in England, where everything was differentiated between the men and women of this time era. This can aid readers to get a prominent picture of the life of the main character, Jane. Jane Eyre portraysRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1554 Words   |  7 PagesBrontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre deals with a young orphan girl who lives a very repugnant life; the transition from her childhood to adulthood makes the reader effectively understand the character’s struggles and accomplishments. When reading this novel, a reader’s imagination can travel back to the Victorian age in England, where everything was differentiated between the men and women of this time era. This can aid readers to get a prominent picture of the life of the main character, Jane. Jane Eyre portraysRead More Use of Language in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Language in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « Look closely at the passage in volume 1, chapter 7, where Mr Brocklehurst visits Lowood, from ‘One afternoon (I had been three weeks at Lowood)†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ to ‘†¦ the inside was further beyond his interference than he imagined.’ Write an essay examining how language is used in this passage to convey and contrast the attitudes of Brocklehurst, Miss Temple, Jane and the other girls, and briefly relating this scene to the novel as a whole. This essay will examineRead MoreMessages to the Reader in Jane Eyre, a Novel by Charlotte Brontà «728 Words   |  3 PagesJane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Brontà «, contains several notable themes and messages sent to its readers. Jane Eyre is a coming of age novel that is a story of a girls quest for equality and happiness. A common theme that recurs throughout the novel is the importance of independence.Charlotte Brontà « utilizes several techniques to convey this message, incorporating her personal experiences, as well as including symbolism and motifs. Charlotte Bronte subjects Jane to several conflicts that occur becauseRead MoreJane Eyre, The Bluest Eye, And Feminism1422 Words   |  6 PagesPavit Singh Mr. Trott English 2 Honors Period 5 15 May 2015 Jane Eyre, The Bluest Eye, and Feminism Feminism. It’s a big concept in society today, but has it always been that way? Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is a famous work on the basis of her own experiences. In this novel, the author shapes a tough and independent woman who pursues true love and equality. In the Victorian period, the image of Jane Eyre cast a sharp contrast to the man-dominated society. She stands for a new lady who has

IMC Strategy Assessment free essay sample

Coca-Cola Company, the giant in world-wild beverages market, mainly uses the concept planned messages. More details, they use the advertising and public relationship spread their brand image, as well as the related information. In 2011, they built strong momentum toward their 2020 goal of doubling their business over the course of this decade. Since then, â€Å"Inspire creativity, passion, optimism and fun† is their main tagline (Coca-Cola, 2011. ). In addition, they did many activities to help coordinated with it, they have made â€Å"share a coke† summer campaign to help board the image. In the traditional one-way communication approach, the company with its dominant hue spreads an enthusiastic and vivid image to consumers. Using young idols as advertising spokesperson, from singers to athletes, Coca-Cola use this method not only made its brand more famous, but also enhanced its sales volume. In addition, from the 5th of March, Coca-Cola launched â€Å"The big 100,000 Cash Splash† campaign to make consumers more involved in other products in the company. At the two-way communication approach, consumers have resisted the push of advertising and have built their own barrier. They share experiences through different contact tools, and gather what they need, this give them greater control and influence. 1. 2 Message Effectiveness Critique The dynamic and distinctive message strategy has help Coca-Cola gained many benefits. In order to live passion and positive, the company had tried hard to make a difference in the market. When Coca-Cola launched the â€Å"Share a Coke† summer campaign last Christmas, 62,208 virtual Cokes created of which 56,211 were shared, this generated 1,719,227 newsfeed impressions(Burke, J. , 2011). However, it is obviously that there is less advertising about other types product in this company. 1. 3 Proposed Message Strategy Adjustment Coca-Cola offers about 7 kinds of products in Australian market, include: Energy Drinks, Soft Drinks, Juices etc,. However, it is obviously most of its advertisement are for soft drinks, especially for coke. Therefore, the company should consider adding more in formations about other types to develop more consumers to understand their products broadly. What’s more, because Coca-Cola Company is the leader in the mark, company should try to do some offers to more values to consumers, they could use service message in its approach, hiring more sales representative to launch campaign and activity to transform some importations which can not get from adverting. 2. 0 Channel Review 2. 1 Channel Integration Grid Factors of Integration TV Print Radio Internet Direct Mail Packaging Sales Staff Logo Logo is integrated well across all elements Tagline Tagline is poorly integrated across media channels. It Is not prevalent on the Internet site, or packaging of the product. Sales staff were unfamiliar with the tagline when prompted. Corporate Colours Corporate colours are presented well by several kinds of colour for different product types and are consistent across all channel elements. This is strength of the current IMC approach. Message Strategy Message Strategy was coordinate across the majority of elements except the internet site and the direct mail elements, cause both of them are slightly incorrect. Multiple Audience Multiple Audiences are discussed in different channels with the exception of direct mail. It is because direct mail it is reasonable to assume this would be more focused than traditional medial approaches. And the decrease of usage rate of Radio also made it cannot meet multiple audience. Common Objectives Objectives are coordinated across the majority media elements. Internet And direct mail focus on different elements, relationship rather than awareness, and this could be coordinated better with other communications media. Common Image All elements of image are integrated well expect direct mail. Grid Key High Integration Mid Integration Low Integration 2. 2 Channel Effectiveness Critique Channel integration grid has give a briefly outline about a number of strengths and weakness in the current IMC commutations approach of Coca-Cola Company. Logo and company colours were highly integrated into media and multiple audiences were largely attained across media types improving value of spend. Strengths of media included TV, print, radio, and product packaging which presented a consistent strategy at all times. The factors for the low integrated was tagline. Because every media channels use different taglines and some of them even can’t be seen during its transform. 2. 3 Proposed Channel Strategy Adjustments Obviously direct mail is a critical issue for the company that needs to be improved from the IMC mix. Company should consider using direct mail as the basic one, then support with sales promotion, to support others. This would made the promotion not only had a focus but also got more importations under the helps of mass media. The tagline of Coca-Cola is not consistent, use various tagline through its media channels, tagline is very important for build a brand. Providing continuity to a series of advertising and promotion campaign is one of purpose of tagline(Arens, 2006, p425). Therefore, Coca-Cola should pick only one to use it through out all the media channels. 3. 0 Target Segmentation 3. 1 Geographic Segmentation According to the recent report, New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland are the top three states in Australia which hold the largest population, the preliminary estimated resident population (ERP) of these three states at 30 September 2011 was 7,317,500 persons, 5,640,900 persons, and 4,599,400 persons separately(Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2012). What’s more, these three states are also the hot destinations in tourist market in Australia(Travel Information, 2011). The liquidity of the large population in these states can help to promote the consumption of the fast-moving products. 3. 2 Demographic Segmentation It is obviously the main consumers of Coca-Cola are generation Y. More specifically, young adult aged 19–24 years are the highest consumers of soft drinks(Hector, D. , Rangan, A. , Louie, J. , Flood, V. , Gill, T. , 2009, p. 5). One of significant characteristic of this generation is uttering fluency and comfort with digital technology(Kotler and Keller, 2006, p. 97). In addition, brand loyalty and economic recession are becoming more and more important among them(PR Newswire, 2010). 3. 3 Psychographic Segmentation Great taste and easy-take are the remarkable advantage of Coca-Cola’s carbonate soft drinks. Considering this, the company should pay more attention on those beverage lovers who also lead a fast life. What’s more, Coca-Cola has developed a new coke called â€Å"ZERO†, this soft drink is sweetened with a blend of aspartame, the remarkable feature of â€Å"ZERO† is low in calorie, this kind of beverage is specially for those people who want to keep fit, lead a healthy diet and life style(CocaCola, n. d. ). For carbonate soft drinks were considered to be unhealthy, because they contain too much sugar, high Calorie 3. 4 Behaviouristic Segmentation Behavioristic factors, such as brand loyalties, usage and degree of use, are combine with demographic or psychographic criteria to develop profiles of market segments. According to Nutrition week(2011, p. 41), one-third of young people ate fast food every day. Kolter and Killer(2006, p. 97) declared that for this generation, information from social media plays an important role in their decision-making process, cause 77 percent of them frequent social-networking sites. Rupert Murdoch describes this young group as ‘digital natives’ because they have grown up in this era and they know nothing else(King, K. , 2006, p. 22). 3. 5 Benefit Segmentation 25% people purchase Coca-Cola because of taste, which account for the most significant part (Gupta, k. , 2009, p. 26), for it provides a specific benefit of great tasty to satisfy with most young people. What’s more, the sales promotion of Coca-Cola, such as discount or its reward strategy also can enhance consumers’ benefit, cause promotions provide consumers with different levels of 3 hedonic benefits (opportunities for value expression, entertainment and exploration) and 3 utilitarian benefits, include: savings, higher product quality, and improved shopping convenience(Chandon, P. , Wansink, B. and Laurent,G. , 2000). 3. 6 Target Market Description Statement Coca-Cola services a wide range of target markets via its product lines. The key target market of Coca-Cola’s Australian market is described as: Young people, especially those aged 19-24 years old plays an important role in Australian beverage consumption. Theses consumers currently attracted or purchase Coca-Cola are motivated by its tasty, quality, and self-benefit. They prefer gain information from internet and believe more from social network. They come from a wide range of backgrounds but are unified by a common brand loyalty and willing to build long-term relationship with it. 4. 0 Competitor Profile 4. 1 Competitive Framework There are two competitors in this framework to compare with Coca-Cola, which are Pepsi, Asahi Schweppes. Cause Australian carbonate soft drinks market is fairly concentrated, with the top three players holding 54. 9% of the total market volume, the leading players of the market has presented by these three(MarketLine, 2011). For the main consumer for Coca-Cola is youth people, so price is chosen as criteria 1 because of their limited economic ability. When it comes to the price factor, Pepsi and Schweppes shares the same unit-price, which is $1. 59/L. However, the expenditure for Coca-Cola has reached $1. 97 per Liter. The noticeable feature of Coca-Cola is its large types of product, it offers 10kinds of Coke, 2kinds of Fanta, 3kinds of Spirite and 1kind of Lift for choose. In Australia, Pepsi has Pepsi 7 UP and Mountain Dew, and includes four bottling plants. 4. 2 Competitor Analysis – Offerings and Communication As the main leaders in the carbonate soft drink market, both Coca-Cola and Pepsi share the similar communication approach. In order to reveal their brand image, both of them has chosen brightly color as their cooperate colors. What’s more, both of them have hired many idols showing in their large mount of advertisements. Unlike other these two companies, the demand for the Cadbury Schweppes brands are scattered and the volume small, the whole activity is regionally driven and has to be taken at a regional level. 4. 3 Completive Advantage The competitive advantage of Coca-Cola is its image spread. The company focuses more on how to build an in-depth relationship with consumer, and makes them not only get the importations they want to transform instead to consider how to get the largest profit from them. Coca-Cola has popularized its product and brand image in Australian market for many ways to its consumers. 5 Campaign Development 5. 1 Competitive Consumer Benefit Statement The competitive consumer benefits for Coca-Cola’s consumer are its tasty and creative brand image, which can make people special and more energetic. Coca-Cola put people’s names on its bottles and cans for the first time in its history as part of its ‘Share a Coke’ campaign in last Christmas. They use the power of the first name in a playful and social way to remind people of those in their lives they may have lost touch with or have yet to connect with. They have put names on Coca-Cola bottles so consumers will have fun finding their friends’ and family members’ names and then enjoy sharing a Coke together. This kind of creative activity can help to enhance their brand image. 5. 2 Message Strategy Statement  ·For young people especially those between the 19-year-old to 24-year-old,  ·Who pursue a colorful and energetic lifestyle.  ·Our product are divided into 7 types, include: Juices, Sport Drinks, Energy Drinks etc. The main type of them is soft drinks.  ·That provides many kinds for choose, great taste and creative image  ·Unlike Pepsiand Asahi, the product line of both of them in Australian market is very small, they can not provided goods for choose, even they cannot fulfilled with your need.  ·Our Product cater to good quality and tasty product, also provide with creative experience. 5. 3 Message Strategy Approach According to the conditions has been showed above, brand image can be a suitable strategy for Coca-Cola. Cause there isn’t any significant difference between the various brands of soft drinks. The most important thing that the company need to consider is use advertising to build a strong brand image relevant to target market’s needs. 6. 0 Media Strategy and Testing 6. 1 Company Contacts As the main consumers for beverage are young people, Internet should be suitable media for company to choose as their transform tool. Based on its current website, more information can be add on the website, such as list the fundamental contents of a beverage to let the consumer make sure that it does not have some harmful materials in it. What’s more, it can cooperate with more website or search engines, for Coca-Cola can launch more advertisement through them. Billboard can be seen easily in Australia. Coca-Cola Company can rent more billboards which are stand near the stations or supermarkets, which can create awareness to remand them to purchase the product. 6. 2 Customer Contacts Social network such as facebook and tiwtter are effective media to gather consumers’ feedback. Because for young people social network has been the main communication tool, they trend to use it to share everything they want, include purchase experience and give feedbacks. Customer service is also an important customer contact point for Coca-Cola. Because those staff send powerful message because they generally personal and occur in real time(Duncan, 250, p. 120). Coca-Cola need continue hire the young people as staff to reflect their brand image, also they can try to use their own sales staffs in the supermarket to make a better reflection. 6. 3 Intrinsic Contacts The packaging of Coca-Cola is an effective intrinsic contacts, it adds value to products by safeguarding public health, providing product information, minimising breakage, reducing transportation costs, increasing their shelf life, and creating consumer convenience(Coca-Cola,2011). Another media which should be consider is in-store media, for approximately 2/3 of consumers’ purchase decisions are made in the store(Belch and G. E, 2009, p. 402). Therefore, Coca-Cola should consider about this, to attract more attention from those who are shopping in the store. 6. 4 Unexpected Contact Word-of-mouth has been a powerful unexpected contact, for company cannot expect what kind of information their consumers will spread, and a personal message from someone you know can be more reliable than advertisement. Publicity is another unexpected contact which should be consider, company should pay attention to those factors and try to make it positive to the brand image.

List and explain the eight seasonal celebrations of Wicca

The eight Wicca celebrations of the year make up what is symbolically known as the eight-spoke wagon wheel. Each of the wheels spoke stand for one of the eight regular rites. The celebrations are also called the Sabbats., with each of the Sabbat ritual being built on the legend or myth of deities that each season is related with. The eigtht celebrations are Samhain, Yule, Imbolc, Ostara, Beltane, Litha, Laughnasadh and mabon (Grimassi 42).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on List and explain the eight seasonal celebrations of Wicca specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Samhain marks the beginning of the year on October. It is the period before the birth of the god. The myth of the ritual is that the goddess in this period is mourning the death of the god who sacrificed himself so that people can enjoy a bountiful harvest of the grain. She prepares herself to give birth to the Child of the God. Yule is celebrated mostly on December 21. It marks birth of the new light, which is birth of the god and he symbolizes the new sun for years to come. The idea is that of rebirth and renewal. Belief associated with this day is that it is the shortest in the year. From this day, the days become longer and lighter. The new sun comes to save the earth from the darkness. This is because the god symbolizes the daylight, and just like how the daylight uncovers everything for us to see. It is associated with things that are common, practical and tangible (Grimassi 47). Imbolc on the other hand takes place in the month of February. It marks time for preparation and purification. In this period, the born sun is held back by winter. The goddess is introduced here as the flame that starts to melt and attract the god. Goddess is actually the night in this mythos of light and shadows. She is associated with hidden magic and secret, just like the night hides things from being seen. Today, this festival that in the past use d to be celebrated on the eve of February takes place either exactly on second of February or before this. Ostara follows suit in the month of March. It is also known as spring Equinox. It involves fertility stirring and awakening of the seed. The Goddess becomes young again due to underworld mortal realm and she rekindles the promise of renewed life.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From this, they celebrate Beltane in the month of May. The ritual involves mating between male and female forces, which is nature impregnation. It is the period when the God begins courtship with the Goddess. Together with Samhain, these two are celebrated at night. Litha or Summer Solstice on June follows Beltane. It is a period of nature being filled with abundance. This period is celebrated as the period when the two come together or get married. In the month of August, people enjoy the abundan ce and celebrate it in the ritual called Lughnasadh. This timing for this celebration has changed to daytime on first august in the modern era (Grimassi 47). This harvesting period is celebrated the world over with some parts of it involving offering thanksgiving during the period. In ancient times, it was marked by pagans as a period of hope and fear. Finally on September, they celebrate Mabon or Autum Equinox. In this period, there is decline of powers of life as God disappears into shadow. The Sun God dies in this period and Goddess go down to the underworld to get back her lover. The God is said to sacrifice himself for the sake of the people. Work Cited Grimassi, Raven. Crafting Wiccan Traditions: Creating a Foundation for Your Spiritual Beliefs Practices. Woodbury: Llewellyn. 2008. Print. This essay on List and explain the eight seasonal celebrations of Wicca was written and submitted by user Matthew Freeman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Placenta Previa Essays

Placenta Previa Essays Placenta Previa Essay Placenta Previa Essay Abstract The paper discussion is about Placenta Previa a medical condition observed, and that occurs in women during birth. The paper begins b giving an introduction of the term Placenta Previa sampling the data survey together with the degree of the disease. The paper further presents a credible discussion on the pathology discussing some of the causes and risks. Diagnosis is also looked it with the article pointing out some of the significant procedures and care taken to help in prevention and treatment of Placenta Previa. Prognosis and management outline some of the primary managerial procedures to be taken and observed to prevent and help one with Placenta Previa. Finally, the paper gives a conclusion of the recap of all the discussion in the article. Introduction Placenta Previa is a condition in which the placenta implants in the lower portion of the uterus and covers all or part of the internal cervical os. The incidence according to the survey is that 1 out of 200 women giving birth. The major difficulty with classification system is accounting for the potentially changing relationship between the placenta and cervix during the third trimester, especially as labor progresses (Nyberg, 2003). Degrees of Placenta Previa are described concerning the internal os prior or the onset of labor. There are four types or degree of Placenta Previa: Total Placenta Previa is where the internal os is entirely covered by the placenta Marginal Placenta Previa is whereby the edging of the placenta is close to the internal os. Partial Placenta Previa is where the internal os is partly sheltered by the placenta. Low lying Placenta Previa is where lower uterine segment has a placenta implant such that the placental edging has a proximity of the internal os. The incidence of Placenta Previa varies widely with gestational age at diagnosis and the criteria used. The impact at the term of clinically significant Placenta Previa is approximately 0.5% (Nyberg, 2003). Placenta Previa is diagnosed in about 5% of second-trimester pregnancies before genetic amniocentesis. At least 90% of Placenta Previa, therefore, resolves to a standard position by the term. Possible reasons for this improvement are discussed in the following pathology section. Pathology Placenta Previa results from implantation of the blastocyst in the lower uterine segment. Some factors appear to increase the risk of this occurrence, including advancing age, multi-parity, smoking, cocaine use, prior Placenta Previa and parity, previous cesarean delivery and suction curettage related to pregnancy. The firm association between Placenta Previa and parity previous cesarean delivery and curettage suggests that endometrial damage is an etiologic factor. Subsequent pregnancies are more likely to implant in the lower uterine segment by a process of elimination (Mishell, Goodwin Brenner, 2002). Multiple pregnancies are at higher risk because of the reduced surface area of the endometrial available. Improvement in Placenta Previa with gestational age primarily reflects marketed growth of the lower uterine segment during pregnancy which pulls the placenta superiorly. At 20 weeks, the placenta covers approximately one-fourth of the myometrium surface area, but near term the placenta covers one-eighth the myometrial surface. Improvement may also be partly secondary to trophotropism in which the placenta atrophies at suboptimal sites of implantation and hypertrophies at more optimal sites. Diagnosis Placenta Previa is most often diagnosed by routine sonography. In other cases, the initial diagnosis is made at the time of presentation for vaginal bleeding through the second part of pregnancy. In these cases, sonographic confirmation of placental location is recommended before the digital cervical examination. The trans-abdominal ultrasound may confirm the suspicion of Placental Previa (Krishna, Daftary Tank, 1995). When sufficient visualization of the affiliation between the placenta and the internal cervical os is not possible with trans-abdominal ultrasound, the transperineal or transvaginal approach may be beneficial. Careful transvaginal may be beneficial. Careful sonography does not appear to increase the risk of hemorrhage in Placenta Previa. In general, prenatal ultrasound is highly sensitive but not specific for the diagnosis of placenta previa. Therefore, while false negative diagnoses are rare, false positive diagnoses are common depending on the gestational age, the sonographic technique used. This is especially true before the third trimester because of differential growth of the lower segment of the uterus in the second half of pregnancy. Placental Previa is readily diagnosed by the location of the placenta over the cervix. Placenta localization by trans-vaginal examination complements trans-abdominal scans and provides good visualization of the internal os and its relationship to the location of the placenta. Thus, may help to decrease the number of false positive diagnosed with Placenta Previa during early pregnancy (Nyberg, 2003). Prognosis and management Krishna, Daftary and Tank (1995) indicate that patients with a lower lying identify at mid-trimester should be observed with further ultrasound examination until at least 34 weeks, or unequivocal conversion has occurred. Placenta Previa diagnosed by custom second-trimester sonography is managed expectancy. The patient can be a measure that the likelihood of spontaneous resolution is greater than 90%. It is reasonable to recommend avoidance of strenuous activity, but further limitations probably are not necessary early in pregnancy. The placental location should be re-evaluated at 28-30 weeks (Mishell, Goodwin Brenner, 2002). If Placenta Previa persists, the patient should be cautioned that rigorous activity and intercourse might provoke bleeding. Cesarean delivery should be scheduled at a gestational age that will exploit the probability of fetal maturity and diminish the risk of hemorrhage that may effect from the standard commencement of uterine abbreviations. According to Mishell, Goodwin and Brenner (2002) the management of Placenta Previa complicated by acute hemorrhage is directed at optimizing the outcomes of the mother and the fetus. In many cases, bleeding resolves spontaneously and the patient may be managed expectantly. In other cases, severe hemorrhage may require intervention. The management varies dramatically with the severity of the condition. Through ultrasound with color and duplex Doppler should be performed. MRI should be considered. Mild cases of placenta accrete may be treated with hemostatic cultures and removal of the placenta or observation alone. Patients may also be treated with methotrexate (Nyberg, 2003). For more classic, severe cases the usual treatment is hysterectomy at the time of delivery. If the placenta also invades the urinary bladder, however, this may be insufficient to control the hemorrhage. Adequate blood for transfusion must be available at the time of delivery. The goal is to deliver a live, healthy baby and maintain the health of the mother. Conclusion In concluding Placenta Previa is a stipulation whereby the placenta implants in the lower portion of the uterus and covers all or part of the internal cervical. Degrees of Placenta Previa are described concerning the internal os prior or the onset of labor. It results from implantation of the blastocyst in the lower uterine segment. Some factors appear to increase the risk of this occurrence, including advancing age, multi-parity, smoking, cocaine use, prior Placenta Previa and parity, previous cesarean delivery and suction curettage related to pregnancy. Placental Previa is readily diagnosed by the location of the placenta over the cervix. Placenta localization by trans-vaginal examination complements trans-abdominal scans and provides good visualization of the internal os and its relationship to the location of the placenta. the management of Placenta Previa complicated by acute hemorrhage is directed at optimizing the outcomes of the mother and the fetus. References Krishna, U., Daftary, S., Tank, D. K. (1995).Pregnancy at risk: Current concepts. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. Mishell, D. R., Goodwin, T. M., Brenner, P. F. (2002).Management of common problems in obstetrics and gynecology. Malden, Mass., USA: Blackwell. Nyberg, D. A. (2003).Diagnostic imaging of fetal anomalies. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

CDL Guide Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois

CDL Guide Indiana, Iowa, and Illinois This article is useful for anyone who wants to get your CDL in Indiana, Iowa or Illinois. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. IndianaTo get a CDL  you must:be at least 18 years old if you will be  transporting property within state lines and 21 years old if you will be transporting peoplehave held an Indiana driver’s license, chauffeur’s license,  or public passenger chauffeur’s license  for at least one yearpresent documents of identification proving your identity, lawful status, Social Security number, and Indiana residencypass  the  appropriate  knowledge  test for  the  vehicle type that you plan to operateKnowledge Tests RequiredCommercial  vehicle drivers: General knowledge testSchool bus drivers: School bus endorsement test and passenger transport test  All bus drivers: Passenger transpor t testVehicle with air brakes:  Air brakes testCombination of vehicles: Combination vehicle testDrivers transporting hazardous material: Hazardous material testDrivers transporting liquids in bulk: Tanker testDrivers pulling double or triple trailers: Doubles/triples testYou may  receive only  three  CDL permits in  two years, and a CDL  learner’s permit is valid for six months.  Those with a  CDL learner’s permit may operate a commercial motor vehicle only when accompanied by a valid CDL  holder who has the proper class and endorsement(s).IowaTo get a CDL  you must:be 18 years oldprovide proof of full name, date of birth, Social Security number, and citizenship, permanent residency, or an I-94 documentproof of Iowa residencypass a vision screening testobtain and hold a commercial learner’s permit (CLP) for at least 2 weeks prior to your applicationcertify the vehicle type you plan to driveSteps to Obtaining a CDL1. Pass the knowledge test re quired for the commercial vehicle you want to operateGeneral knowledge for any CDLCombination vehicle for Class AAir brakePassengerSchool busDoubles/TriplesHazmatTankIowa operator (if applicable)2. Obtain a CLP3. Pass the required skills and driving test, which is comprised of 3 partsPre-trip vehicle inspection, making sure your vehicle is safe to driveSkills test, which tests maneuvers around cones and backin maneuversA driving testIllinoisTo get a CDL you must:be 18 years oldhold a valid Ohio State diver’s licenseprovide a valid Social Security cardmeet minimum medical standards as established by federal and state regulationspass the knowledge and skills testsTestingThe knowledge test is a written test required for each class of vehicle you hope to drive, each endorsement, and removing an air brake restriction.The skill test is a 90-minute driving test comprised of a pre-inspection and a road test. You will need to arrive with a vehicle appropriate to the class of license y ou seek.ExemptionsThe law exempts these categories from the CDL:A â€Å"Farm Truck†Fire EquipmentPublic Safety VehicleRecreational VehicleCommercial Motor VehicleVehicle Operated for Military PurposeNonbusiness Commercial Motor VehicleVehicle Designed for Transporting Goods

Human Resource Management Portfolio Research Paper

Human Resource Management Portfolio - Research Paper Example A job analysis based on background study facilitated development of job description. A study of the company’s strategies facilitated job analysis. The company’s strategy map proved to be the most essential part of this exercise. In addition, differing views from literature added greater knowledge and reasoning to the process of creation of a job description. The end result emerged as a detailed job description that highlights all key responsibility areas and essential skills required for the role. Based on these details, qualifications and experience needed for the role are identified. Overall, this effort has shed much light on the significance of human resources in organizational sustenance and growth; this process clarified the strategic link between job analysis, performance management and organizational sustenance. Table of Contents Content Page Section 1. Introduction 5 1.1. Job in context: Store manager at Tesco 5 1.2. Strategic position of Store manager at Tesco 5 Section 2. Job analysis 6 2.1. Job analysis for Store manager at Tesco 6 2.2 Job analysis method: Review of background records 7 2.3. Job analysis and organizational sustenance 11 Section 3. ... Link between Job Analysis and other management functions 11 Figure 4. Job Characteristics Model 12 Figure 5. Selection process at Tesco 16 Figure 6. Link between JD and performance management 17 List of Appendices Appendix 1: Job description for Store Manager, Tesco 21 Appendix 2: Job Advert – Store Manager, Tesco 23 List of Abbreviations HRM: Human resources management HR: Human resources JD: Job description Section 1. Introduction 1.1. Job in context: Store manager at Tesco. This discussion builds a portfolio for the manager’s position in a retail supermarket. The concerned workplace is the renowned supermarket Tesco, which is one of the top 3 supermarkets in the world. Tesco is about a hundred year-old multi-dimensional business that originated in the United Kingdom as a small retail shop. Tesco has its presence in more than 10 countries and employs about half a million people across the globe. Moreover, Tesco’s growth is not limited to retail groceriesâ€℠¢ sector but has invaded numerous other business areas such as investment, information technology, communications, petrochemical products, food, clothing, consumer electronics, telecommunications etc (McLoughlin & Aaker, 2010). With such vast business, Tesco operates based on systematic and planned strategy throughout the world. Its strategies invade every aspect of its widely diverse business operations including finance, production, service, retail, learning, customer service, and logistics. This report specifically evaluates the role of a team manager in the retail sector of Tesco, which is planning to open its new branch in Vietnam. This role is mainly responsible for store operations on a day-to-day basis along with management of a team of store representatives and their supervisors. 1.2.